One of the common refrains from military observers is that we should be establishing forward bases in the Pacific as a way of dealing with China. There are, however, a few problems with forward bases that must be addressed and overcome in order for them to be viable options.
We’re going to take a two-part look at the issue of forward bases beginning with a general examination of the concept in this, the first part, and followed by a specific example in the second part.
Definition
One of the problems in a discussion of forward bases is that no two people can agree on what constitutes a forward base. What is the definition of a forward base? Just as with phrases like ‘sea control’ or ‘littoral’, everyone has their own idea of what a forward base is. A base one mile ahead of a main base is technically a forward base but that’s obviously not what we’re talking about. For our discussion purposes, a forward base is defined as a permanent facility of moderate or large size located in enemy controlled – or at least highly contested – waters that serves the purpose of providing support and staging for further operations.
It is the location in enemy controlled/contested waters that makes it ‘forward’.
The permanence of the base is what separates a forward base from, say, the Marine’s fantasy of secret platoon size units that temporarily occupy a location and then move on to sow destruction and confusion among the enemy.
Challenges
As noted, forward bases face a variety of challenges that must be overcome to make them viable.
History - The first obstacle to overcome is history. History strongly suggests that forward bases almost invariably wind up being lost to the enemy. The one glaring exception in history is the string of forward bases established by the US during the WWII Pacific campaign as the US island hopped its way to Japan. It is noteworthy, however, that the pre-WWII forward bases established by the US as a means of deterrence and forward defense were all lost to Japan during the early months of the war.
Now, consider the history of Japan’s forward bases in the Pacific. At their peak, Japan had an extensive network of powerful bases throughout the Pacific. It didn’t matter how strong the individual bases were, they all fell. Consider the example of Truk, the Japanese Gibraltar of the Pacific. It was considered nearly impregnable and unapproachable.
At the height of the atoll’s life as a Japanese base area, as many as 1,000 ships were on occasion to be found in the lagoon.[1]
The Japanese garrison peaked at 27,856 naval personnel …and 16,737 army personnel … [1]
Other defensive efforts included:
- coast-defense artillery
- remote controlled mines
- 40 anti-aircraft guns
Base facilities included,
… roads, trenches, bunkers and caves. The whole defensive complex included five airfields, seaplane bases, a torpedo boat station, submarine repair facilities, a communications centre and a radar station.[1]
Despite this collection of base force and firepower, Truk was easily attacked, destroyed, and then bypassed by US forces.
Isolation – The pre-war US forward bases and Japan’s forward bases all fell because they were isolated and, generally, separated from each other by great distances. The bases were unable to mutually support each other and were subject to local massing of numerically superior enemy forces with greater firepower at a time of the enemy’s choosing.
In fact, one could logically argue that Japan’s scattered, forward bases were actually detriments to Japan’s overall military objectives because each base represented a ‘penny packet’ of force that had no hope of accomplishing anything, was doomed to defeat in detail, and drained forces from the overall military effort and geopolitical objectives.
The lesson is that if you can’t successfully defend a base (and history suggests that’s a very difficult thing to do) then you’re just throwing away resources.
Sea Control – As noted, isolation is a major challenge and the only way to overcome it is to maintain control of the connecting seas. Reinforcement and resupply can only occur by sea. When control of the sea is lost, so too, is the forward base. During the pre-war and early months of war, Japan was able to exercise control of the sea and its forward bases were viable. Once control of the sea was lost, Japan’s bases were doomed even if it took the US a few years to systematically destroy them.
Similarly, when the US lost control of the seas, its forward bases (Wake, Philippines, etc.) were doomed. Once the US re-established control of the seas in the later years of the war, it was able to establish a string of forward bases that were viable.
Location and Purpose - It is vitally important to understand what a forward base really is. To begin with, it’s not forward! It may begin life at the forward edge of battle but by the time it becomes operational and useful, the forward edge of battle has moved on and the base is rendered a rear area support and staging facility.
As the American example of WWII demonstrated, forward bases work only when they are part of a coordinated, overall effort and then only when they are not actually at the forward edge of battle. For example, each island base the US seized began as the forward edge of battle but became an operational base only when we moved on, rendering the base a rear area support facility. Indeed, that is what a ‘forward’ base is: a rear area support facility from which to stage and launch future actions.
Forward bases that are actually forward – meaning at the leading edge of battle or actually in enemy territory – are generally either ineffective (Guadalcanal while the island was being contested) or lost.
Conclusion
The fantasy of a forward base, existing and operating inside an enemy’s sphere of influence and control, is just that … a fantasy. The reality is that an operationally useful forward base is, in reality, and by necessity, a rear area support and staging facility. We need to recognize and accept that. Every dollar and every hour spent attempting to implement forward base fantasies is another dollar and hour lost to efforts that are actually productive and effective.
We also have got to come to grips with the imperative to establish and maintain control of the sea Without control of the sea, Guam (or any other base) is just a useless, doomed facility waiting to die. Unfortunately, we are currently in the process of knowingly and willingly ceding control of the seas to China. The relative naval and air production rates of the US and China guarantee eventual Chinese control of the sea.
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[1]https://cmchant.com/japans-pacific-base-truk-atoll/




